Convert analog voltage into PWM signals with LTC6992CS6-1 and ATmega328P
Generate PWM signals at frequencies up to 1 MHz, providing flexibility for high-speed applications
Published Mar 15, 2024
Click board™
AN to PWM 2 Click
Dev.Board
Arduino UNO Rev3
Compiler
NECTO Studio
MCU
ATmega328P
Achieve precise analog-to-PWM signal conversion, enabling smooth control over devices like LEDs, heaters, and servo motors with minimal effort
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Hardware Overview
How does it work?
AN to PWM 2 Click is based on the LTC6992CS6, a voltage-controlled PWM generator from Analog Devices. This device is chosen because it keeps its output clocking at all times and offers glitch-free, a first cycle-accurate startup within 500μs of Power-On. The output of this Click board™ can source or sink up to 16 mA, and it has a linear response, so applying a voltage in a range of -2.5 to 2.5V on its input will result in generating the PWM pulse train with a duty cycle linearly proportional to the input voltage. The output PWM signal is brought to the INT pin of the mikroBUS™ socket to enable fast and precise duty cycle measurement using the interrupt routines. The LTC6992CS6 has a MOD pin, which represents pulse-width modulation input where it is necessary to bring an analog signal. To bring the corresponding signal to that pin, this Click
board™ uses an analog circuitry made of OpAmp AD8616ARZ from Analog Devices. In the first part of the circuit, amplifier OPA1 adjusts the input signal through a reference voltage of 2.5V by the MCP1525 from Microchip and applies input voltage in a range of -2.5 to 2.5V. The next part of the circuit is the voltage divider and amplifier OPA2, which has the function of a buffer, after which the signal required by the MOD pin of the LTC6992CS6 is obtained. The output frequency can range up from 3.81Hz to 1MHz and is controlled via the AD5171, a 64-position (OTP) digital potentiometer from Analog Devices, which programs the LTC6992CS6’s internal master oscillator frequency. The output frequency is determined by this master oscillator and an internal frequency divider programmable to eight settings from 1 to 16384. It
communicates with MCU using the standard I2C serial interface that operates at clock rates up to 400 kHz and represents the most accurate way to set the frequency. It also left the possibility of adjusting the frequency via resistors RH and RL by placing appropriate resistors. This Click board™ is designed to be operated only with a 5V logic level. A proper logic voltage level conversion should be performed before the AN to PWM 2 Click is used with MCUs with different logic levels. More information about the LTC6992CS6’s functionality, electrical specifications, and typical performance can be found in the attached datasheet. However, the Click board™ comes equipped with a library that contains easy-to-use functions and a usage example that can be used as a reference for the development.
Features overview
Development board
Arduino UNO is a versatile microcontroller board built around the ATmega328P chip. It offers extensive connectivity options for various projects, featuring 14 digital input/output pins, six of which are PWM-capable, along with six analog inputs. Its core components include a 16MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header, and a reset button, providing everything necessary to power and program the board. The Uno is ready to go, whether connected to a computer via USB or powered by an AC-to-DC adapter or battery. As the first USB Arduino board, it serves as the benchmark for the Arduino platform, with "Uno" symbolizing its status as the
first in a series. This name choice, meaning "one" in Italian, commemorates the launch of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. Initially introduced alongside version 1.0 of the Arduino Software (IDE), the Uno has since become the foundational model for subsequent Arduino releases, embodying the platform's evolution.
Microcontroller Overview
MCU Card / MCU
Architecture
AVR
MCU Memory (KB)
32
Silicon Vendor
Microchip
Pin count
28
RAM (Bytes)
2048
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Accessories
Click Shield for Arduino UNO has two proprietary mikroBUS™ sockets, allowing all the Click board™ devices to be interfaced with the Arduino UNO board without effort. The Arduino Uno, a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P, provides an affordable and flexible way for users to try out new concepts and build prototypes with the ATmega328P microcontroller from various combinations of performance, power consumption, and features. The Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins (of which six can be used as PWM outputs), six analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and reset button. Most of the ATmega328P microcontroller pins are brought to the IO pins on the left and right edge of the board, which are then connected to two existing mikroBUS™ sockets. This Click Shield also has several switches that perform functions such as selecting the logic levels of analog signals on mikroBUS™ sockets and selecting logic voltage levels of the mikroBUS™ sockets themselves. Besides, the user is offered the possibility of using any Click board™ with the help of existing bidirectional level-shifting voltage translators, regardless of whether the Click board™ operates at a 3.3V or 5V logic voltage level. Once you connect the Arduino UNO board with our Click Shield for Arduino UNO, you can access hundreds of Click boards™, working with 3.3V or 5V logic voltage levels.
Used MCU Pins
mikroBUS™ mapper
Take a closer look
Schematic
Step by step
Project assembly
Start by selecting your development board and Click board™. Begin with the Arduino UNO Rev3 as your development board.
Track your results in real time
Application Output
After loading the code example, pressing the "DEBUG" button builds and programs it on the selected setup.
After programming is completed, a header with buttons for various actions available in the IDE appears. By clicking the green "PLAY "button, we start reading the results achieved with Click board™.
Upon completion of programming, the Application Output tab is automatically opened, where the achieved result can be read. In case of an inability to perform the Debug function, check if a proper connection between the MCU used by the setup and the CODEGRIP programmer has been established. A detailed explanation of the CODEGRIP-board connection can be found in the CODEGRIP User Manual. Please find it in the RESOURCES section.
Software Support
Library Description
This library contains API for AN to PWM 2 Click driver.
Key functions:
antopwm2_set_frequency- This function sets a frequency output in a range from 500kHz to 1MHz by setting the digipot resistanceantopwm2_set_frequency_otp- This function sets a frequency output in a range from 500kHz to 1MHz by setting the digipot resistance in OTP mode
Open Source
Code example
This example can be found in NECTO Studio. Feel free to download the code, or you can copy the code below.
/*!
* @file main.c
* @brief AN to PWM 2 Click example
*
* # Description
* This example demonstrates the use of AN to PWM 2 click board by changing the PWM output
* frequency from 500kHz to 1MHz in steps of 50kHz.
*
* The demo application is composed of two sections :
*
* ## Application Init
* Initializes the driver and logger.
*
* ## Application Task
* Changes the PWM output frequency every 5 seconds in steps of 50kHz going through the full range
* from 500kHz to 1MHz. The currently set frequency will be displayed on the USB UART.
*
* @note
* Applying a voltage of -2.5 to 2.5V on the input will generate the PWM pulse train
* with a duty cycle linearly proportional to the input voltage.
*
* @author Stefan Filipovic
*
*/
#include "board.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "antopwm2.h"
static antopwm2_t antopwm2;
static log_t logger;
void application_init ( void )
{
log_cfg_t log_cfg; /**< Logger config object. */
antopwm2_cfg_t antopwm2_cfg; /**< Click config object. */
/**
* Logger initialization.
* Default baud rate: 115200
* Default log level: LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
* @note If USB_UART_RX and USB_UART_TX
* are defined as HAL_PIN_NC, you will
* need to define them manually for log to work.
* See @b LOG_MAP_USB_UART macro definition for detailed explanation.
*/
LOG_MAP_USB_UART( log_cfg );
log_init( &logger, &log_cfg );
log_info( &logger, " Application Init " );
// Click initialization.
antopwm2_cfg_setup( &antopwm2_cfg );
ANTOPWM2_MAP_MIKROBUS( antopwm2_cfg, MIKROBUS_1 );
if ( I2C_MASTER_ERROR == antopwm2_init( &antopwm2, &antopwm2_cfg ) )
{
log_error( &logger, " Communication init." );
for ( ; ; );
}
log_info( &logger, " Application Task " );
}
void application_task ( void )
{
static uint32_t freq = ANTOPWM2_FREQ_MIN;
if ( ANTOPWM2_OK == antopwm2_set_frequency ( &antopwm2, freq ) )
{
log_printf ( &logger, " Frequency: %lu Hz\r\n\n", freq );
}
freq += 50000;
if ( freq > ANTOPWM2_FREQ_MAX )
{
freq = ANTOPWM2_FREQ_MIN;
}
Delay_ms ( 5000 );
}
int main ( void )
{
application_init( );
for ( ; ; )
{
application_task( );
}
return 0;
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------ END
